security: harden dashboard (SSH keys, auth, uploads, CORS, non-root)

Remove SSH private keys from git, add SECRET_KEY validation, move WS
auth from query string to first message, add session limits/idle timeout,
PBKDF2 Fernet key, refresh token rotation, TOTP replay protection,
file upload size limit + filename sanitization, symlink safety check,
restrict CORS methods, IP-gate OpenClaw token, run container as non-root,
rate-limit refresh/passkey endpoints, sanitize Gitea path params.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

.gitignore

@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ dist/
 *.tar.gz
 __pycache__/
 dashboard/nas-dashboard.tar
+dashboard/ssh/

dashboard/Dockerfile

@@ -8,10 +8,13 @@ RUN npm install --registry=https://registry.npmmirror.com && npm run build
 # Stage 2: Python runtime
 FROM python:3.12-slim
 RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends openssh-client && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+RUN adduser --disabled-password --no-create-home --gecos "" app
 WORKDIR /app
 COPY backend/requirements.txt .
 RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt
 COPY backend/ ./
 COPY --from=frontend /build/dist /app/static
+RUN chown -R app:app /app
+USER app
 EXPOSE 4000
 CMD ["uvicorn", "main:app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "4000"]

dashboard/backend/auth.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
 from typing import Optional
+import time
 import jwt
 from passlib.context import CryptContext
 import pyotp
@@ -19,14 +20,14 @@ def get_password_hash(password):
 
 def create_access_token(data: dict, expires_delta: Optional[timedelta] = None):
     to_encode = data.copy()
-    expire = datetime.utcnow() + (expires_delta or timedelta(minutes=15))
+    expire = datetime.now(timezone.utc) + (expires_delta or timedelta(minutes=15))
     to_encode.update({"exp": expire, "type": "access"})
     return jwt.encode(to_encode, config.SECRET_KEY, algorithm=config.ALGORITHM)
 
 def create_refresh_token(data: dict):
     to_encode = data.copy()
-    expire = datetime.utcnow() + timedelta(minutes=config.REFRESH_TOKEN_EXPIRE_MINUTES)
-    to_encode.update({"exp": expire, "type": "refresh"})
+    expire = datetime.now(timezone.utc) + timedelta(minutes=config.REFRESH_TOKEN_EXPIRE_MINUTES)
+    to_encode.update({"exp": expire, "type": "refresh", "tv": _load_token_version()})
     return jwt.encode(to_encode, config.SECRET_KEY, algorithm=config.ALGORITHM)
 
 async def get_current_user(token: str = Depends(oauth2_scheme)):
@@ -70,6 +71,13 @@ import hashlib
 from cryptography.fernet import Fernet
 
 def _get_fernet():
+    from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.pbkdf2 import PBKDF2HMAC
+    from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
+    kdf = PBKDF2HMAC(algorithm=hashes.SHA256(), length=32, salt=b"nas-dashboard-fernet", iterations=480000)
+    key = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(kdf.derive(config.SECRET_KEY.encode()))
+    return Fernet(key)
+
+def _get_legacy_fernet():
     key = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(hashlib.sha256(config.SECRET_KEY.encode()).digest())
     return Fernet(key)
 
@@ -83,6 +91,11 @@ def _decrypt(ciphertext: str) -> str:
         return ""
     try:
         return _get_fernet().decrypt(ciphertext.encode()).decode()
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+    # Fallback: try legacy SHA256-based key
+    try:
+        return _get_legacy_fernet().decrypt(ciphertext.encode()).decode()
     except Exception:
         return ciphertext  # fallback for unencrypted legacy values
 
@@ -125,7 +138,16 @@ def verify_totp(token: str, secret: str = None):
     if not secret:
         return True # 2FA not enabled
     totp = pyotp.TOTP(secret)
-    return totp.verify(token)
+    if not totp.verify(token):
+        return False
+    # Replay protection: reject reuse within same 30s window
+    current_ts = int(time.time()) // 30
+    data = _load_auth_data()
+    if data.get("last_totp_ts") == current_ts:
+        return False
+    data["last_totp_ts"] = current_ts
+    _save_auth_data(data)
+    return True
 
 # Passkey credentials
 def load_passkey_credentials():
@@ -142,3 +164,17 @@ def clear_passkey_credentials():
     data = _load_auth_data()
     data["passkey_credentials"] = []
     _save_auth_data(data)
+
+# Token version for refresh token rotation
+def _load_token_version() -> int:
+    return _load_auth_data().get("token_version", 0)
+
+def increment_token_version() -> int:
+    data = _load_auth_data()
+    v = data.get("token_version", 0) + 1
+    data["token_version"] = v
+    _save_auth_data(data)
+    return v
+
+def verify_token_version(tv: int) -> bool:
+    return tv == _load_token_version()

dashboard/backend/config.py

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ VOLUME_ROOT = os.environ.get("VOLUME_ROOT", "/volume1")
 
 # Auth
 SECRET_KEY = os.environ.get("SECRET_KEY", "")
+if not SECRET_KEY or len(SECRET_KEY) < 32:
+    raise RuntimeError("SECRET_KEY must be set and at least 32 characters")
 ALGORITHM = "HS256"
 ACCESS_TOKEN_EXPIRE_MINUTES = 30
 REFRESH_TOKEN_EXPIRE_MINUTES = 60 * 24 * 7  # 7 days
@@ -19,6 +21,7 @@ TOTP_SECRET = os.environ.get("TOTP_SECRET", "")
 SSH_HOST = os.environ.get("SSH_HOST", "host.docker.internal")
 SSH_USER = os.environ.get("SSH_USER", "zjgump")
 SSH_KEY_PATH = os.environ.get("SSH_KEY_PATH", "/app/ssh/id_ed25519")
+SSH_KNOWN_HOSTS = os.environ.get("SSH_KNOWN_HOSTS", "/app/ssh/known_hosts")
 
 VPS_SSH_HOST = os.environ.get("VPS_SSH_HOST", "158.101.140.85")
 VPS_SSH_USER = os.environ.get("VPS_SSH_USER", "jimmyg")

dashboard/backend/main.py

@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ app.add_middleware(
     CORSMiddleware,
     allow_origins=CORS_ORIGINS,
     allow_credentials=True,
-    allow_methods=["*"],
-    allow_headers=["*"],
+    allow_methods=["GET", "POST", "DELETE", "OPTIONS"],
+    allow_headers=["Authorization", "Content-Type"],
 )
 
 @app.exception_handler(RateLimitExceeded)
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ async def health():
 async def client_ip(request: Request):
     ip = request.headers.get("x-forwarded-for", "").split(",")[0].strip() or request.client.host
     lan = ip.startswith("192.168.31.") or (ip.startswith("100.") and _router_reachable())
-    return {"ip": ip, "lan": lan}
+    return {"lan": lan}
 
 def _router_reachable():
     import socket

dashboard/backend/routers/auth.py

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ async def login(creds: LoginRequest, request: Request):
         asyncio.create_task(send_failed_login_alert(client_ip, creds.username, "Incorrect username or password"))
         raise HTTPException(
             status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
-            detail="Incorrect username or password",
+            detail="Invalid credentials",
             headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
         )
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ async def login(creds: LoginRequest, request: Request):
             asyncio.create_task(send_failed_login_alert(client_ip, creds.username, "Invalid 2FA Code"))
             raise HTTPException(
                 status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
-                detail="Invalid 2FA code",
+                detail="Invalid credentials",
                 headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
             )
 
@@ -115,7 +115,8 @@ async def read_users_me(current_user: str = Depends(auth.get_current_user)):
     return {"username": current_user, "has_2fa": bool(totp_secret)}
 
 @router.post("/refresh")
-async def refresh_token(req: RefreshRequest):
+@limiter.limit("10/minute")
+async def refresh_token(req: RefreshRequest, request: Request):
     try:
         payload = jwt.decode(req.refresh_token, config.SECRET_KEY, algorithms=[config.ALGORITHM])
         if payload.get("type") != "refresh":
@@ -123,8 +124,11 @@ async def refresh_token(req: RefreshRequest):
         username = payload.get("sub")
         if username != config.ADMIN_USER:
             raise HTTPException(status_code=401, detail="Invalid user")
+        if not auth.verify_token_version(payload.get("tv", -1)):
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=401, detail="Token revoked")
     except jwt.PyJWTError:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=401, detail="Invalid refresh token")
+    auth.increment_token_version()
     access_token = auth.create_access_token(
         data={"sub": username},
         expires_delta=timedelta(minutes=config.ACCESS_TOKEN_EXPIRE_MINUTES),
@@ -217,7 +221,8 @@ async def passkey_register_verify(request: Request, current_user: str = Depends(
     return {"ok": True}
 
 @router.post("/passkey/login/options")
-async def passkey_login_options():
+@limiter.limit("10/minute")
+async def passkey_login_options(request: Request):
     creds = auth.load_passkey_credentials()
     if not creds:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="No passkeys registered")
@@ -231,6 +236,7 @@ async def passkey_login_options():
     return JSONResponse(content=json.loads(options_to_json(options)))
 
 @router.post("/passkey/login/verify")
+@limiter.limit("10/minute")
 async def passkey_login_verify(request: Request):
     body = await request.json()
     challenge = _get_challenge()

dashboard/backend/routers/docker_router.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import docker
-from fastapi import APIRouter
+from fastapi import APIRouter, Query
 from config import DOCKER_HOST
 
 router = APIRouter()
@@ -31,6 +31,6 @@ def container_action(container_id: str, action: str):
 
 
 @router.get("/containers/{container_id}/logs")
-def container_logs(container_id: str, tail: int = 200):
+def container_logs(container_id: str, tail: int = Query(200, le=10000)):
     c = client.containers.get(container_id)
     return {"logs": c.logs(tail=tail, timestamps=True).decode(errors="replace")}

dashboard/backend/routers/files.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import os
+import re
 import shutil
 from pathlib import Path
 from fastapi import APIRouter, UploadFile, File, HTTPException
@@ -8,12 +9,16 @@ from config import VOLUME_ROOT
 router = APIRouter()
 BASE = Path(VOLUME_ROOT)
 
-BLOCKED_DIRS = {"@appstore", "@docker", "@eaDir", "@S2S", "@sharesnap", "@tmp", "docker"}
+MAX_UPLOAD_SIZE = 100 * 1024 * 1024  # 100 MB
+BLOCKED_DIRS = {"@appstore", "@docker", "@eaDir", "@S2S", "@sharesnap", "@tmp", "docker", "homes", "backups"}
+
+
+_BASE_RESOLVED = str(BASE.resolve())
 
 
 def _safe_path(path: str) -> Path:
     target = (BASE / path).resolve()
-    if not str(target).startswith(str(BASE.resolve())):
+    if not str(target).startswith(_BASE_RESOLVED):
         raise ValueError("forbidden")
     # Block access to sensitive directories
     rel = target.relative_to(BASE.resolve())
@@ -22,6 +27,32 @@ def _safe_path(path: str) -> Path:
     return target
 
 
+def _is_safe_symlink(item: Path) -> bool:
+    """Check if a symlink resolves to a path within BASE and not in blocked dirs."""
+    if not item.is_symlink():
+        return True
+    try:
+        resolved = item.resolve()
+        if not str(resolved).startswith(_BASE_RESOLVED):
+            return False
+        rel = resolved.relative_to(BASE.resolve())
+        if rel.parts and rel.parts[0] in BLOCKED_DIRS:
+            return False
+        return True
+    except (OSError, ValueError):
+        return False
+
+
+def _sanitize_filename(name: str) -> str:
+    name = os.path.basename(name)
+    name = name.replace("\x00", "").replace("/", "").replace("\\", "")
+    name = re.sub(r'\.\.+', '.', name)
+    name = name.strip(". ")
+    if not name:
+        raise ValueError("invalid filename")
+    return name
+
+
 @router.get("/browse")
 def browse(path: str = ""):
     try:
@@ -31,9 +62,11 @@ def browse(path: str = ""):
     entries = []
     for item in sorted(target.iterdir()):
         try:
+            if not _is_safe_symlink(item):
+                continue
             st = item.stat()
             entries.append({"name": item.name, "is_dir": item.is_dir(), "size": st.st_size if item.is_file() else 0})
-        except PermissionError:
+        except (PermissionError, OSError):
             continue
     return {"path": str(target.relative_to(BASE)), "entries": entries}
 
@@ -49,11 +82,20 @@ def download(path: str):
 @router.post("/upload")
 async def upload(path: str, file: UploadFile = File(...)):
     try:
-        target = _safe_path(path) / file.filename
+        safe_name = _sanitize_filename(file.filename)
+        target = _safe_path(path) / safe_name
     except ValueError:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=403, detail="Access denied")
+    # Stream with size check
+    total = 0
     with open(target, "wb") as f:
-        shutil.copyfileobj(file.file, f)
+        while chunk := await file.read(1024 * 1024):
+            total += len(chunk)
+            if total > MAX_UPLOAD_SIZE:
+                f.close()
+                target.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+                raise HTTPException(status_code=413, detail="File too large (max 100MB)")
+            f.write(chunk)
     return {"ok": True}
 
 

dashboard/backend/routers/gitea.py

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
+import re
 import httpx
-from fastapi import APIRouter
+from fastapi import APIRouter, HTTPException
 from config import GITEA_URL, GITEA_TOKEN
 
 router = APIRouter()
 HEADERS = {"Authorization": f"token {GITEA_TOKEN}"} if GITEA_TOKEN else {}
+_SAFE_NAME = re.compile(r'^[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+$')
 
 
 @router.get("/repos")
@@ -15,6 +17,8 @@ async def list_repos():
 
 @router.get("/repos/{owner}/{repo}/commits")
 async def list_commits(owner: str, repo: str, page: int = 1):
+    if not _SAFE_NAME.match(owner) or not _SAFE_NAME.match(repo):
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Invalid owner or repo name")
     async with httpx.AsyncClient() as c:
         r = await c.get(f"{GITEA_URL}/api/v1/repos/{owner}/{repo}/commits", headers=HEADERS, params={"page": page})
         return r.json()

dashboard/backend/routers/system.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import psutil
 import platform
 import time
 import httpx
-from fastapi import APIRouter, Query
+from fastapi import APIRouter, Query, Request, HTTPException
 from config import TELEGRAM_BOT_TOKEN, TELEGRAM_CHAT_ID, VOLUME_ROOT, OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_TOKEN
 
 router = APIRouter()
@@ -115,5 +115,8 @@ def _classify(method, path, status, user):
 
 
 @router.get("/openclaw-token")
-def openclaw_token():
+def openclaw_token(request: Request):
+    ip = request.headers.get("x-forwarded-for", "").split(",")[0].strip() or request.client.host
+    if not (ip.startswith("192.168.31.") or ip.startswith("100.")):
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=403, detail="Access denied")
     return {"token": OPENCLAW_GATEWAY_TOKEN}

dashboard/backend/routers/terminal.py

@@ -1,10 +1,18 @@
 import asyncio
 import struct
+import logging
+import time
 from fastapi import WebSocket, WebSocketDisconnect, Query
 import asyncssh
 import jwt
 import config
 
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+MAX_SESSIONS = 5
+IDLE_TIMEOUT = 30 * 60  # 30 minutes
+_active_sessions: set = set()
+
 HOSTS = {
     "nas": {"host": config.SSH_HOST, "user": config.SSH_USER, "key": config.SSH_KEY_PATH},
     "vps": {"host": config.VPS_SSH_HOST, "user": config.VPS_SSH_USER, "key": config.VPS_SSH_KEY_PATH},
@@ -12,26 +20,43 @@ HOSTS = {
                    "command": "/volume1/@appstore/ContainerManager/usr/bin/docker exec -it claude-dev bash"},
 }
 
+# Load known_hosts once at import time
+_known_hosts = None
+try:
+    _known_hosts = asyncssh.read_known_hosts(config.SSH_KNOWN_HOSTS)
+except Exception:
+    logger.warning("SSH known_hosts file not found at %s — host key verification disabled", config.SSH_KNOWN_HOSTS)
 
-async def ws_endpoint(websocket: WebSocket, token: str = Query(""), host: str = Query("nas")):
+
+async def ws_endpoint(websocket: WebSocket, host: str = Query("nas")):
+    await websocket.accept()
+
+    # Auth: expect token as first text message
     try:
-        payload = jwt.decode(token, config.SECRET_KEY, algorithms=[config.ALGORITHM])
-        if payload.get("sub") != config.ADMIN_USER:
+        first_msg = await asyncio.wait_for(websocket.receive_text(), timeout=5)
+        payload = jwt.decode(first_msg, config.SECRET_KEY, algorithms=[config.ALGORITHM])
+        if payload.get("type") != "access" or payload.get("sub") != config.ADMIN_USER:
             await websocket.close(code=1008, reason="Unauthorized")
             return
     except Exception:
         await websocket.close(code=1008, reason="Unauthorized")
         return
 
-    await websocket.accept()
+    if len(_active_sessions) >= MAX_SESSIONS:
+        await websocket.close(code=1013, reason="Too many sessions")
+        return
+
+    session_id = id(websocket)
+    _active_sessions.add(session_id)
 
     h = HOSTS.get(host, HOSTS["nas"])
     try:
         conn = await asyncssh.connect(
             h["host"], username=h["user"],
-            client_keys=[h["key"]], known_hosts=None,
+            client_keys=[h["key"]], known_hosts=_known_hosts,
         )
     except Exception:
+        _active_sessions.discard(session_id)
         await websocket.close(code=1011, reason="SSH connection failed")
         return
 
@@ -52,10 +77,18 @@ async def ws_endpoint(websocket: WebSocket, token: str = Query(""), host: str =
                 pass
 
         read_task = asyncio.create_task(read_ssh())
+        last_activity = time.monotonic()
 
         try:
             while True:
-                msg = await websocket.receive()
+                try:
+                    msg = await asyncio.wait_for(websocket.receive(), timeout=60)
+                except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+                    if time.monotonic() - last_activity > IDLE_TIMEOUT:
+                        await websocket.close(code=1000, reason="Idle timeout")
+                        break
+                    continue
+                last_activity = time.monotonic()
                 if "bytes" in msg and msg["bytes"]:
                     data = msg["bytes"]
                     if data[0:1] == b"\x01" and len(data) == 5:
@@ -73,3 +106,4 @@ async def ws_endpoint(websocket: WebSocket, token: str = Query(""), host: str =
             process.close()
     finally:
         conn.close()
+        _active_sessions.discard(session_id)

dashboard/docker-compose.yml

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ services:
       - /volume1:/volume1
       - /volume1/docker/nas-dashboard/ssh/dashboard_terminal:/app/ssh/id_ed25519:ro
       - /volume1/docker/nas-dashboard/ssh/vps_terminal:/app/ssh/vps_id_ed25519:ro
+      - /volume1/docker/nas-dashboard/ssh/known_hosts:/app/ssh/known_hosts:ro
     healthcheck:
       test: ["CMD", "python", "-c", "import urllib.request; urllib.request.urlopen('http://localhost:4000/api/health')"]
       interval: 30s

dashboard/frontend/src/routes/Terminal.svelte

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
       const proto = location.protocol === "https:" ? "wss:" : "ws:";
       const token = localStorage.getItem("token") || "";
       const ws = new WebSocket(
-        `${proto}//${location.host}/ws/terminal?token=${encodeURIComponent(token)}&host=${tab.hostId}`
+        `${proto}//${location.host}/ws/terminal?host=${tab.hostId}`
       );
       ws.binaryType = "arraybuffer";
       function sendSize() {
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         }
       }
 
-      ws.onopen = () => { updateTab(tabId, { connected: true }); sendSize(); };
+      ws.onopen = () => { ws.send(token); updateTab(tabId, { connected: true }); sendSize(); };
       ws.onmessage = (e) => term.write(new Uint8Array(e.data));
       ws.onclose = () => {
         updateTab(tabId, { connected: false });

dashboard/ssh/dashboard_terminal

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
------BEGIN OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----
-b3BlbnNzaC1rZXktdjEAAAAABG5vbmUAAAAEbm9uZQAAAAAAAAABAAAAMwAAAAtzc2gtZW
-QyNTUxOQAAACAA1B82gNubHN9YSbouzZBx5ZcBAfSXrTEf6j2+k9p/MwAAAJi8dYFQvHWB
-UAAAAAtzc2gtZWQyNTUxOQAAACAA1B82gNubHN9YSbouzZBx5ZcBAfSXrTEf6j2+k9p/Mw
-AAAEANwPXx/fEISyOhps72XCb5Okusk9wHUTW6TjHuqfKAEQDUHzaA25sc31hJui7NkHHl
-lwEB9JetMR/qPb6T2n8zAAAAEmRhc2hib2FyZC10ZXJtaW5hbAECAw==
------END OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----

dashboard/ssh/dashboard_terminal.pub

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAIADUHzaA25sc31hJui7NkHHllwEB9JetMR/qPb6T2n8z dashboard-terminal

dashboard/ssh/vps_terminal

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
------BEGIN OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----
-b3BlbnNzaC1rZXktdjEAAAAABG5vbmUAAAAEbm9uZQAAAAAAAAABAAAAMwAAAAtzc2gtZW
-QyNTUxOQAAACC6rZoMd8T2DBFC2hdfgWHhwnusiHtbZ753dLibmZDyNQAAAJiY03+ImNN/
-iAAAAAtzc2gtZWQyNTUxOQAAACC6rZoMd8T2DBFC2hdfgWHhwnusiHtbZ753dLibmZDyNQ
-AAAEBiLX9L0ASvdqTqmD/kOs/cuLpyUBgQl+j8+uHuVFrkN7qtmgx3xPYMEULaF1+BYeHC
-e6yIe1tnvnd0uJuZkPI1AAAAEW5hcy1kYXNoYm9hcmQtdnBzAQIDBA==
------END OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY-----

dashboard/ssh/vps_terminal.pub

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1lZDI1NTE5AAAAILqtmgx3xPYMEULaF1+BYeHCe6yIe1tnvnd0uJuZkPI1 nas-dashboard-vps